The main objective of this research was to evaluate reliability and validity of Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athlestes (Rest Q-SPORT). Professional and semi-professional athletes of handball and basketball constitute statistical population of current work. Some 510 athletes were chosen in random as statistical samples. Measurement tool used was a Rest Q-SPORT comprised of 76 questions with 19 sub scales (general stress, emotional stress, social stress, struggle/strain, fatigue, energy deficiency, physical problems, success, social recovery, physical recovery, general health, sleep quality, impaired relaxation, emotional fatigue, INJURY, physical fitness, personal problems, self-efficacy, self-regulation). The scoring method was based on a 5-choiced Likert scale. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was verified after being translated by expert professors of physical exercise. Statistical methods applied were descriptive indexes for description of data, Cronbach’s alpha for reliability assessment, confirmatory factor analysis, and t individual samples for studying difference with average values. Research findings were indicative of a=0.98 reliability for Rest Q-SPORT. All questions showed significant relations with the factor in terms of structure validity and based on the extent of relations and T-values. Indexes of x2/df=2.03, RMSEA=0.052, NFI=0.97, NNFI=0.93, IFI=0.98, RFI=0.91, GFI=0.93, AGFI=0.90 also demonstrated fitness of the model altogether. Moreover, regarding the relation between factors and concept of improved stress for athletes, the obtained results indicated that all factors were able to predict the concept of improved stress well. Therefore, internal and external validities of the model “improved stress for athletes” were confirmed as well.

Background and Aim: Coaches play a key role in facilitating INJURY prevention strategies to reduce the risk of INJURY in SPORT,however, this is likely influenced by their knowledge of, and attitude towards, injuries and INJURY prevention programs. There is limited research in soccer investigating coach knowledge and attitudes towards INJURY. Therefore, purpose of this research was to investigate Mazandaran province soccer's coach knowledge and attitudes towards SPORT INJURY prevention. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 200 soccer coaches completed a survey including a series of closed and open-ended questions regarding their knowledge and attitudes towards SPORT INJURY prevention. Result: Coaches were less knowledgeable about common upper body injuries and associated risk factors than lower body injuries and common INJURY types. In particular, there was a lack of awareness that injuries to the head/face (head concussion) were common. Coaches had a positive attitude towards SPORT INJURY prevention,However, constraints of time and space are major barriers to coaches implementing SPORT INJURY prevention programs. Greater levels of knowledge and more positive attitudes were reported by coaches with more experience. Half of coaches reported witnessing coaches putting pressure on players to play when injured and most coaches reported seeing injured players play on when they thought they should not have. Conclusion: Soccer coaches had poor knowledge about upper extremity injuries. Soccer organizations should improve coach education about common soccer-related injuries and INJURY risk factors, such as head injuries and effective INJURY prevention-based resources. Please cite this article as: Dashti Rostami K. Knowledge and attitude of Mazandaran's soccer coaches toward SPORT INJURY prevention. Irtiqa Imini Pishgiri Masdumiyat 2023, 11(4): 245-257. https: //doi. org/10. 22037/iipm. v11i4. 43801

The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of Persian version of SPORT INJURY Anxiety Scale in athletes. The original scale had 7 subscales and 29 items in 5-point Likert Scale. 300 questionnaires were completed by 19-34-year-old athletes (%62. 2 male, %37. 8 female with the mean age of 24. 4 years old) who took part in different SPORT fields. To assess the construct validity of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis was used. The internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient. Interclass correlation coefficient was also used to examine temporal reliability. The results showed that the Persian version of PSIAS supported the main framework. The validity and reliability of the Persian version of SPORT INJURY Anxiety Scale with 28 items (item 24 was omitted) were confirmed. According to the obtained results, the Persian version of SPORT INJURY Anxiety Scale can be recommended as a reliable and valid tool to assess the type and amount of athletes’ anxiety of SPORT injuries.

Background: Neuropathic pain is one of the most important chronic and pathological problems that can cause disruptions in human life. Some studies indicated that the release of inflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative activity can increase nerve damage. Adalimumab is a human anti-monoclonal drug that can cause therapeutic effects in different diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effects of adalimumab in the chronic constriction INJURY (CCI) experimental pain model in rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 male Wistar rats were utilized in this study and were randomly assigned to four groups: the first group served as the control, the second group underwent CCI, the third group received CCI in conjunction with adalimumab (5 mg/kg), and the fourth group received CCI with adalimumab (10 mg/kg). Behavioral assessments were conducted 4, 7, and 14 days post-CCI induction. The spinal cords were extracted after these assessments, and the supernatants were analyzed for inflammatory and oxidative enzymes. Data analysis was performed using Prism GraphPad statistical software. Results: The analysis of the obtained data indicated that the injection of adalimumab in the third and fourth groups decreased the activity of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. In addition, it decreased the activity of MDA and increased the SOD and CAT enzymes. Moreover, adalimumab significantly improved the outcomes of thermal allodynia, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia in the CCI rats treated with this medication. Conclusion: The administration of adalimumab can be used to treat or reduce neuropathic pain with its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, along with neuroprotective effects.

Purpose: Although there is evidence that SPORT-related concussion (SRC) affects oculomotor function and perceptual ability, experiments are often poorly controlled and are not replicable. This study aims to test the hypothesis that there are decreased values when assessing oculomotor impairment indicating poorer performance in SRC patients. Methods: Fifteen DI athletes presenting with SRC (7 females, 8 males) and 15 student volunteers (CON) (12 females, 3 males) completed a dynamic visual acuity (DVA) task that involved answering the direction of a moving stimulus (Landolt C) while wearing a head-mounted binocular eye tracker. There were 120 trials total with 60 trials presenting at 30º per second and 60 presenting at 90º per second. Various eye movement measurements, including horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) gain and saccadic peak velocity, were analyzed between groups using univariate ANOVAs. Saccade count in SPEM trials, accuracy, and vision were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: There was no statistical difference in saccadic peak velocity: SRC = 414.7 ± 42º/s, CON = 406.6 ± 40.6º/s. A significant difference was found between SRC patients and healthy controls in horizontal SPEM gain (SRC = 0.9 ± 0.04, CON = 0.86 ± 0.03, F(1,28) = 7.243, P = 0.012) indicating that patients demonstrated compensatory eye movements when tracking the target. There were significantly more saccades in all SPEM trials (P = 0.001). Conclusion: SRC oculomotor deficits manifest as elevated horizontal SPEM gain when assessed within 48 hours of INJURY and compared to healthy controls within the same age range. SRC demonstrates altered oculomotor ability. While accurate in tracking a stimulus, SRC patients may conduct less controlled eye movements.